Cause and Effect in NLP is where a client is not empowered and not seeing any relationship between their problem/issue/pattern and themselves.
The idea would be to see if you can get them back to cause using either the Meta Model or Milton Model to regain empowerment.
Example: “My leg hurts – it’s because I’m getting old”.
Challenge: ” Didn’t your legs ever hurt when you were younger for any reason?”
Or
“Why blame age onto everything?” (That’s quite a touch challenge so you’d need plenty of rapport to carry that one off)!